Uttara-khaṇḍa · Chapter 43
Sourceयुधिष्ठिर उवाच- साधु कृष्ण त्वया प्रोक्तमादिदेवो भवान्प्रभो । स्वेदजा अंडजाश्चैव उद्भिज्जाश्च जरायुजाः १। तेषां कर्त्ता विकर्त्ता त्वं पालकः क्षयकारकः । माघस्य कृष्णपक्षे तु षट्तिला कथिता त्वया २। शुक्ले च का भवेद्देव कथयस्व प्रसादतः । किं नाम को विधिस्तस्याः को देवस्तत्र पूज्यते ३। श्रीकृष्ण उवाच- कथयिष्यामि राजेंद्र शुक्ले माघस्य या भवेत् । जया नामेति विख्याता सर्वपापहरा परा ४। पवित्रा पापहंत्री च कामदा मोक्षदा नृणाम् । ब्रह्महत्यापहंत्री च पिशाचत्वविनाशिनी ५। नैव तस्या व्रते चीर्णे प्रेतत्वं जायते नृणाम् । नातः परतरा काचित्पापघ्नी मोक्षदायिनी ६। एतस्मात्कारणाद्राजन्कर्त्तव्या सा प्रयत्नतः । श्रूयतां राजशार्दूल कथा पौराणिकी शुभा ७। पंकजे च पुराणेऽस्या महिमा कथितो मया । एकदा नाकलोके वै इंद्रो राज्यं चकार ह ८। देवास्तत्र सुखेनैव निवसंति मनोरमे । पीयूषपाननिरता अप्सरोगणसेविताः ९। नंदनं तु वनं तत्र पारिजातोपसेवितम् । रमयंति रमंतेऽत्र अप्सरोभिर्दिवौकसः १०। एकदा रममाणोऽसौ देवेंद्रः स्वेच्छया नृप । नर्त्तयामास वै हर्षात्पंचाशत्कोटिनायकः ११। गंधर्वास्तत्र गायंति गंधर्वः पुष्पदंतकः । चित्रसेनस्तु तत्रैव चित्रसेनसुता तथा १२। मालिनीति च नाम्ना तु चित्रसेनस्य योषिता । मालिन्यास्तु समुत्पन्ना पुष्पदंती च नामतः १३। पुष्पदंतस्य पुत्रोऽसौ माल्यवान्नाम नामतः । पुष्पदंत्याश्च रूपेण माल्यवानतिमोहितः १४। तया ह्येवं कटाक्षैश्च माल्यवांश्च वशीकृतः । लावण्यं रूपसंपन्नं तस्या रूपं निशामय १५। बाहू तस्याश्च कामेन कंठपाशौ कृताविव । कर्णायते तु नयने रक्तांते घूर्णिते तथा १६। कर्णौ तु शोभनौ तस्याः कुण्डलाभ्यां नृपोत्तम । कंबुग्रीवायुता सैव दिव्याभरणभूषिता १७। पीनोन्नतौ कुचौ तस्यास्तौ हेमकलशाविव । मध्यं क्षामं च चार्वंग्या मुष्टिग्राह्यमनुत्तमम् १८। नितंबौ विस्तृतौ चास्या विस्तीर्णा जघनस्थली । चरणौ शोभमानौ च रक्तोत्पलसमद्युती १९। ईदृश्या पुष्पवत्या स माल्यवानतिमोहितः । शक्रस्य परितोषाय नृत्यार्थं तौ समागतौ २०। गायमानौ तु तौ तत्र अप्सरोगणसेवितौ । मदनाभिपरीतांगौ पुष्पदंती च माल्यवान् २१। परस्परानुरागेण व्यामोहवशमागतौ । न शुद्धगानं गायेतां चित्तभ्रमसमन्वितौ २२। बद्धदृष्टी तथान्योन्यं कामबाणवशं गतौ । ज्ञात्वा लेखर्षभस्तत्र संगतं मानसं तयोः २३। तालक्रियामानलोपात्तथा गीतविसर्जनात् । चिंतयित्वा तु मघवा ह्यवमानं तथात्मनः २४। कुपितश्च तयोरर्थे शापं दास्यन्निदं जगौ । धिग्धिग्वां पतितौ मूढावाज्ञाभंग कृतौ मम २५। युवां पिशाचौ भवतां दंपतीभावधारिणौ । मर्त्यलोकमनुप्राप्तौ भुंजानौ कर्मणः फलम् २६। एवं मघवता शप्तावुभौ दुःखितमानसौ । हिमवंतं गिरिं प्राप्ताविंद्रशापाद्विमोहितौ २७। उभौ पिशाचतां प्राप्तौ दारुणं दुःखमेव च । संतप्तमानसौ तत्र हिमकृच्छ्रगतावुभौ २८। गंधर्वत्वमप्सरस्त्वं न जानीतो विमौहितौ । पीड्यमानौ निदाघेन देहपातकजेन च २९। न निशायां सुखं शांतिं लभेते कर्मपीडितौ । परस्परं वादमानौ चेरतुर्गिरिगह्वरे ३०। पीड्यमानौ तु शीतेन तुषारप्रभवेन तौ । दंतघर्षं प्रकुर्वाणौ रोमांचितवपुर्द्धरौ ३१। ऊचे पिशाचः स तदा तां पत्नीं स्वां पिशाचिकाम् । किमनल्पकृतं पापं दारुणं रोमहर्षणम् ३२। येन प्राप्तं पिशाचत्वं स्वेन दुष्कृतकर्मणा । नरकं दारुणं मत्वा पिशाचत्वं च दुःखदम् ३३। तस्मात्सर्वप्रयत्नेन पातकं न समाचरेत् । इति चिंतापरौ तत्र तावास्तां दुःखकर्षितौ ३४। दैवयोगात्तयोः प्राप्ता माघस्यैकादशी तिथिः । जयानामेति विख्याता तिथीनामुत्तमा तिथिः ३५। तस्मिन्दिने तु संप्राप्ते तावाहारविवर्जितौ । आसाते तत्र नृपते जलपानविवर्जितौ ३६। न कृतो जीवघातश्च न पत्रफलभक्षणम् । अश्वत्थस्य समीपे तौ सर्वदा दुःखसंयुतौ ३७। रविरस्तंगतो राजंस्तथैव स्थितयोस्तयोः । प्राप्ता चैव निशा घोरा दारुणा प्राणहारिणी ३८। वेपमानौ ततस्तौ तु ततः सुषुपतः क्षितौ । परस्परेण संलग्नौ गात्रयोर्भुजयोरपि ३९। न निद्रा न रतं तत्र न तौ सौख्यमविंदताम् । एवं तौ राजशार्दूल शापेनेंद्रस्य पीडितौ ४०। इत्थं तयोर्दुःखितयोर्निर्जगाम निशीथिनी । मार्तंड उदयं प्राप्तो द्वादशी दिवसागमे ४१। मया तु राजशार्दूल तयोर्मुक्तिर्धृता हृदि । जयायाः सुव्रतं चीर्णं रात्रौ जागरणं कृतम् ४२। तस्माद्व्रतप्रभावाच्च यथाजातं तथा शृणु । द्वादशीदिवसे प्राप्ते तथा चीर्णे जया व्रते ४३। विष्णोः प्रभावान्नृपते पिशाचत्वं तयोर्गतम् । पुष्पदंती माल्यवतौ पूर्वरूपौ बभूवतुः ४४। पुरातनस्नेहयुतौ पूर्वालंकारधारिणौ । विमानमधिरूढौ तौ गतौ नाके मनोरमे ४५। देवेंद्रस्याग्रतो गत्वा प्रणामं चक्रतुर्मुदा । तथाविधौ तु तौ दृष्ट्वा मघवा विस्मितोऽब्रवीत् ४६। इंद्र उवाच- वद तं केन पुण्येन पिशाचत्वं हि वां गतौ । मम शापं च संप्राप्तौ केन देवेन मोचितौ ४७। माल्यवानुवाच- वासुदेवप्रसादेन जयायास्तु व्रतेन च । पिशाचत्वं गतं स्वामिंस्तव भक्तिप्रभावतः ४८। इति श्रुत्वा तु मघवा प्रत्युवाच पुनस्तथा । पवित्रौ पावनौ जातौ वंदनीयौ ममापि च ४९। हरिवासरकर्तारौ विष्णुभक्तिपरायणौ । हरिवासरसँल्लीना ये च कृष्णपरायणाः 6.43.५०। अस्माकमपि मर्त्यास्ते पूज्याश्चैव न संशयः । विहरस्व यथासौख्यं पुष्पदंत्या सुरालये ५१। कृष्ण उवाच- एतस्मात्कारणाद्राजन्कर्त्तव्यो हरिवासरः । जया तु राजशार्दूल ब्रह्महत्यापहारिणी ५२। सर्वदानानि तेनैव सर्वयज्ञा अशेषतः । दत्तानि कारिताश्चैव जयायास्तु व्रतं कृतम् ५३। कल्पकोटिर्भवेत्तावद्वैकुंठे मोदते ध्रुवम् । पठनाच्छ्रवणाद्राजन्नग्निष्टोमफलं लभेत् ५४। इति श्रीपाद्मे महापुराणे पंचपंचाशत्साहस्र्यां संहितायामुत्तरखंडे उमापतिनारदसंवादे माघशुक्लजयैकादशीमाहात्म्यंनाम त्रिचत्वारिंशोऽध्यायः ४३।
yudhiṣṭhira uvāca- sādhu kṛṣṇa tvayā proktamādidevo bhavānprabho | svedajā aṃḍajāścaiva udbhijjāśca jarāyujāḥ 1| teṣāṃ karttā vikarttā tvaṃ pālakaḥ kṣayakārakaḥ | māghasya kṛṣṇapakṣe tu ṣaṭtilā kathitā tvayā 2| śukle ca kā bhaveddeva kathayasva prasādataḥ | kiṃ nāma ko vidhistasyāḥ ko devastatra pūjyate 3| śrīkṛṣṇa uvāca- kathayiṣyāmi rājeṃdra śukle māghasya yā bhavet | jayā nāmeti vikhyātā sarvapāpaharā parā 4| pavitrā pāpahaṃtrī ca kāmadā mokṣadā nṛṇām | brahmahatyāpahaṃtrī ca piśācatvavināśinī 5| naiva tasyā vrate cīrṇe pretatvaṃ jāyate nṛṇām | nātaḥ paratarā kācitpāpaghnī mokṣadāyinī 6| etasmātkāraṇādrājankarttavyā sā prayatnataḥ | śrūyatāṃ rājaśārdūla kathā paurāṇikī śubhā 7| paṃkaje ca purāṇe'syā mahimā kathito mayā | ekadā nākaloke vai iṃdro rājyaṃ cakāra ha 8| devāstatra sukhenaiva nivasaṃti manorame | pīyūṣapānaniratā apsarogaṇasevitāḥ 9| naṃdanaṃ tu vanaṃ tatra pārijātopasevitam | ramayaṃti ramaṃte'tra apsarobhirdivaukasaḥ 10| ekadā ramamāṇo'sau deveṃdraḥ svecchayā nṛpa | narttayāmāsa vai harṣātpaṃcāśatkoṭināyakaḥ 11| gaṃdharvāstatra gāyaṃti gaṃdharvaḥ puṣpadaṃtakaḥ | citrasenastu tatraiva citrasenasutā tathā 12| mālinīti ca nāmnā tu citrasenasya yoṣitā | mālinyāstu samutpannā puṣpadaṃtī ca nāmataḥ 13| puṣpadaṃtasya putro'sau mālyavānnāma nāmataḥ | puṣpadaṃtyāśca rūpeṇa mālyavānatimohitaḥ 14| tayā hyevaṃ kaṭākṣaiśca mālyavāṃśca vaśīkṛtaḥ | lāvaṇyaṃ rūpasaṃpannaṃ tasyā rūpaṃ niśāmaya 15| bāhū tasyāśca kāmena kaṃṭhapāśau kṛtāviva | karṇāyate tu nayane raktāṃte ghūrṇite tathā 16| karṇau tu śobhanau tasyāḥ kuṇḍalābhyāṃ nṛpottama | kaṃbugrīvāyutā saiva divyābharaṇabhūṣitā 17| pīnonnatau kucau tasyāstau hemakalaśāviva | madhyaṃ kṣāmaṃ ca cārvaṃgyā muṣṭigrāhyamanuttamam 18| nitaṃbau vistṛtau cāsyā vistīrṇā jaghanasthalī | caraṇau śobhamānau ca raktotpalasamadyutī 19| īdṛśyā puṣpavatyā sa mālyavānatimohitaḥ | śakrasya paritoṣāya nṛtyārthaṃ tau samāgatau 20| gāyamānau tu tau tatra apsarogaṇasevitau | madanābhiparītāṃgau puṣpadaṃtī ca mālyavān 21| parasparānurāgeṇa vyāmohavaśamāgatau | na śuddhagānaṃ gāyetāṃ cittabhramasamanvitau 22| baddhadṛṣṭī tathānyonyaṃ kāmabāṇavaśaṃ gatau | jñātvā lekharṣabhastatra saṃgataṃ mānasaṃ tayoḥ 23| tālakriyāmānalopāttathā gītavisarjanāt | ciṃtayitvā tu maghavā hyavamānaṃ tathātmanaḥ 24| kupitaśca tayorarthe śāpaṃ dāsyannidaṃ jagau | dhigdhigvāṃ patitau mūḍhāvājñābhaṃga kṛtau mama 25| yuvāṃ piśācau bhavatāṃ daṃpatībhāvadhāriṇau | martyalokamanuprāptau bhuṃjānau karmaṇaḥ phalam 26| evaṃ maghavatā śaptāvubhau duḥkhitamānasau | himavaṃtaṃ giriṃ prāptāviṃdraśāpādvimohitau 27| ubhau piśācatāṃ prāptau dāruṇaṃ duḥkhameva ca | saṃtaptamānasau tatra himakṛcchragatāvubhau 28| gaṃdharvatvamapsarastvaṃ na jānīto vimauhitau | pīḍyamānau nidāghena dehapātakajena ca 29| na niśāyāṃ sukhaṃ śāṃtiṃ labhete karmapīḍitau | parasparaṃ vādamānau ceraturgirigahvare 30| pīḍyamānau tu śītena tuṣāraprabhavena tau | daṃtagharṣaṃ prakurvāṇau romāṃcitavapurddharau 31| ūce piśācaḥ sa tadā tāṃ patnīṃ svāṃ piśācikām | kimanalpakṛtaṃ pāpaṃ dāruṇaṃ romaharṣaṇam 32| yena prāptaṃ piśācatvaṃ svena duṣkṛtakarmaṇā | narakaṃ dāruṇaṃ matvā piśācatvaṃ ca duḥkhadam 33| tasmātsarvaprayatnena pātakaṃ na samācaret | iti ciṃtāparau tatra tāvāstāṃ duḥkhakarṣitau 34| daivayogāttayoḥ prāptā māghasyaikādaśī tithiḥ | jayānāmeti vikhyātā tithīnāmuttamā tithiḥ 35| tasmindine tu saṃprāpte tāvāhāravivarjitau | āsāte tatra nṛpate jalapānavivarjitau 36| na kṛto jīvaghātaśca na patraphalabhakṣaṇam | aśvatthasya samīpe tau sarvadā duḥkhasaṃyutau 37| ravirastaṃgato rājaṃstathaiva sthitayostayoḥ | prāptā caiva niśā ghorā dāruṇā prāṇahāriṇī 38| vepamānau tatastau tu tataḥ suṣupataḥ kṣitau | paraspareṇa saṃlagnau gātrayorbhujayorapi 39| na nidrā na rataṃ tatra na tau saukhyamaviṃdatām | evaṃ tau rājaśārdūla śāpeneṃdrasya pīḍitau 40| itthaṃ tayorduḥkhitayornirjagāma niśīthinī | mārtaṃḍa udayaṃ prāpto dvādaśī divasāgame 41| mayā tu rājaśārdūla tayormuktirdhṛtā hṛdi | jayāyāḥ suvrataṃ cīrṇaṃ rātrau jāgaraṇaṃ kṛtam 42| tasmādvrataprabhāvācca yathājātaṃ tathā śṛṇu | dvādaśīdivase prāpte tathā cīrṇe jayā vrate 43| viṣṇoḥ prabhāvānnṛpate piśācatvaṃ tayorgatam | puṣpadaṃtī mālyavatau pūrvarūpau babhūvatuḥ 44| purātanasnehayutau pūrvālaṃkāradhāriṇau | vimānamadhirūḍhau tau gatau nāke manorame 45| deveṃdrasyāgrato gatvā praṇāmaṃ cakraturmudā | tathāvidhau tu tau dṛṣṭvā maghavā vismito'bravīt 46| iṃdra uvāca- vada taṃ kena puṇyena piśācatvaṃ hi vāṃ gatau | mama śāpaṃ ca saṃprāptau kena devena mocitau 47| mālyavānuvāca- vāsudevaprasādena jayāyāstu vratena ca | piśācatvaṃ gataṃ svāmiṃstava bhaktiprabhāvataḥ 48| iti śrutvā tu maghavā pratyuvāca punastathā | pavitrau pāvanau jātau vaṃdanīyau mamāpi ca 49| harivāsarakartārau viṣṇubhaktiparāyaṇau | harivāsarasa~llīnā ye ca kṛṣṇaparāyaṇāḥ 6.43.50| asmākamapi martyāste pūjyāścaiva na saṃśayaḥ | viharasva yathāsaukhyaṃ puṣpadaṃtyā surālaye 51| kṛṣṇa uvāca- etasmātkāraṇādrājankarttavyo harivāsaraḥ | jayā tu rājaśārdūla brahmahatyāpahāriṇī 52| sarvadānāni tenaiva sarvayajñā aśeṣataḥ | dattāni kāritāścaiva jayāyāstu vrataṃ kṛtam 53| kalpakoṭirbhavettāvadvaikuṃṭhe modate dhruvam | paṭhanācchravaṇādrājannagniṣṭomaphalaṃ labhet 54| iti śrīpādme mahāpurāṇe paṃcapaṃcāśatsāhasryāṃ saṃhitāyāmuttarakhaṃḍe umāpatināradasaṃvāde māghaśuklajayaikādaśīmāhātmyaṃnāma tricatvāriṃśo'dhyāyaḥ 43|
English translation
Yudhiṣṭhira said :
1-3. O Kṛṣṇa , you have said well. O lord, you are the first god. (There are four kinds of living beings:) generated by sweat; oviparous; plants; viviparous. You make and mar them; you protect and destroy them. You told (me) about Ṣaṭtilā falling in Māgha . O god, favour (me) and tell me which Ekādaśī would fall in the bright half (of that month). What is the manner of it (i.e. the manner in which it is observed? Which deity is worshipped on that day?
Śrīkṛṣṇa said :
4-8a. O lord of kings, I shall tell you about (the Ekādaśī) that would fall in the bright half of Māgha. It is called Jayā . It is well known. It is great and removes all sins. It is pure. It destroys sins. It gives desired objects and salvation to men. It destroys (the sin of) the murder of a brāhmaṇa , and it (also) destroys the state of a goblin. Men are not reduced to the condition of ghosts when the vow of this (Ekādaśī) is observed by them. There is no (Ekādaśī) other than this that destroys sins and gives salvation. O king, for this reason it should always be observed. O best king, listen to an ancient auspicious tale. I have told about its greatness in the Padma Purāṇa .
8b-15a. Once Indra ruled in heaven. Gods happily lived in that charming (heaven). They were engaged in drinking nectar and were waited upon by celestial nymphs. In it there was a grove called Nandana . It was served by (i.e. full of) Pārijāta trees. Gods rejoice and are pleased by the celestial nymphs there. Once Indra, the lord of fifty crores (of the residents of heaven), rejoicing as he liked, joyfully made (the celestial nymphs) to dance. Gandharvas sang there. There was a gandharva (named) Puṣpadantaka . Citrasena was also there. So also there was Mālinī , the daughter of Citrasena. There was Citrasena’s wife also. Puṣpadantī was born of Mālinī. Puṣpadanta ’s son was Mālyavat by name. Mālyavat was very much fascinated by the beauty of Puṣpadantī. She subjugated Mālyavat with her glances.
15b-22. Listen to (the description of) her charm with loveliness and her beauty. Her arms are as it were the nooses (thrown) round the neck by Cupid. Her eyes were long up to the ears, were reeling and red in the corners. Her ears looked beautiful due to the ear-rings. She had a conch-shaped neck, and was adorned with divine ornaments. Her stout and raised breasts resembled golden pitchers. Her waist was lean, excellent and could be grasped in the fist. Her buttocks were expansive. Her hips and loins were large. Her feet were beautiful and bright like red-lotus. By (that) Puṣpavatī who was like this, Mālyavat was very much fascinated. To please Indra, the two came there to dance. They sang there and were waited upon by bands of celestial nymphs. The two Puṣpadantī and Mālyavat, had their bodies filled with cupid (i.e. the feeling of love). Due to love for each other they were infatuated. With their mind perplexed they did not sing chaste songs.
23-31. Influenced by the arrows of Cupid they had rivetted their eyes upon each other. Indra knew that their minds were attached to each other. Due to the lapse in clapping of the hands and in the measuring (of time), so also due to the execution of the song, Indra, thinking that it was an insult to him, got angry with both of them and giving them a curse said these (words): “Fie upon you; you are fallen; you stupid ones have disobeyed me. Be turned into goblins as husband and wife; go to the mortal world, enjoying the fruit of your deed.” Thus cursed by Indra the two with their minds distressed, being deluded by Indra’s curse reached the Himālaya mountain. Both became goblins and met with terrible grief also. Their minds were tormented, and met with misery caused by snow. Being deluded, they were not aware of their state of a gandharva or a celestial nymph. They were oppressed by summer and the effect of bodily sins. Troubled by (the fruit of) their deeds they did not get pleasure or peace at night. Talking to each other they moved in the mountain-caves. They were chattering their teeth and had horripilation on their bodies.
32-40a. Then that male goblin said to his wife, the female goblin: “What great, fierce and thrilling sin have we committed due to which we have obtained (i.e. are reduced to) goblin-hood as a result of our bad deeds? Hell is looked upon as fierce, and goblin-hood as painful. Therefore, with all efforts, one should not commit a sin.” Thus being anxious, they were overpowered with grief. Due to their good luck, the Ekādaśī of Māgha, named Jayā and well-known as the best among days, came. When that day came, O king, they remained there without food and without drinking water. They did not kill any living being; they did not eat leaves and fruits. Near the Aśvattha tree, they remained always full of grief. O king, while they remained like that the sun set. Night, that was fierce, terrible and fatal, approached. The two, trembling and clinging to each other with their bodies and arms, then slept there on the (bare) ground. They did not have sleep, or coition, nor did they get pleasure.
40b-46. O best king, they were thus troubled by the curse of Indra. When they were thus unhappy the night rolled by. The sun rose when the day of Dvādaśī came (i.e. on the Dvādaśī day). O best king, I held in my heart (i.e. thought to myself) about their salvation. They observed the good vow of Jayā and kept awake at night. Listen to what happened by the efficacy of that vow. When the Dvādaśī day came, and when the Jayā-vow was observed like that, their goblin-hood disappeared by Viṣṇu ’s prowess. Puṣpadantī and Mālyavat had their forms as before. They had the same affection as before, had put on the (same) ornaments as before. They got into an aeroplane and went to the beautiful heaven. Having gone in front of the lord of gods (Indra), they gladly saluted him. Seeing them like that, Indra, being amazed said to them:
Indra said :
47. Tell me, due to what moral merit you who were reduced to goblin-hood, who had received a curse from me, were freed and by which god.
Mālyavat said :
48-51. O lord, our goblin-hood has gone by Viṣṇu’s favour, the observance of the Jayā-vow, and the strength of devotion to you.
Hearing these (words) Indra also spoke again: “You have become sinless, pure, and have become adorable even to me. You have observed (the vow on) the day of (i.e. sacred to) Viṣṇu; you are greatly attached to the devotion for Viṣṇu. There is no doubt that those mortals who adhere to (the vow of) the day of (i.e. sacred to) Viṣṇu, and are devoted to Kṛṣṇa, are adorable to us also.”
Kṛṣṇa said :
52-54. For this reason, O king, the vow of the day of (i.e. sacred to) Viṣṇu should be observed. O best king, Jayā removes the sin of a brāhmaṇa’s murder. He who has observed the vow of Jayā, has given all gifts, has performed all sacrifices. He certainly rejoices in Vaikuṇṭha as long as a crore of kalpas . O king, by reciting or listening to (this account), one would obtain the fruit (of the performance) of Agniṣṭoma (sacrifice).
Complete chapter-aligned witnesses. Sanskrit Wikisource page 44619, revision 336424 (2022-04-21T18:03:45Z). English is N. A. Deshpande’s complete translation, controlled against its chapter page at https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-padma-purana/d/doc365620.html and the ten-volume archival witness. The witnesses are aligned at chapter level; no unsupported verse-by-verse equivalence is asserted.