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Eighth Skandha · Chapter 22

Chapter 22

Unit 215 of 318Eighth Skandha · Chapter 22Eighth Skandha · Chapter 221 source entries

Eighth Skandha · Chapter 22

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नारद उवाच कर्मभेदाः कतिविधाः सनातनमुने मम । श्रोतव्याः सर्वथैवैते यातनाप्राप्तिभूमयः ॥ १ ॥ श्रीनारायण उवाच यो वै परस्य वित्तानि दारापत्यानि चैव हि । हरते स हि दुष्टात्मा यमानुचरगोचरः ॥ २ ॥ कालपाशेन सम्बद्धो याम्यैरतिभयानकैः । तामिस्रनामनरके पात्यते यातनास्पदे ॥ ३ ॥ ताडनं दण्डनं चैव सन्तर्जनमतः परम् । याम्याः कुर्वन्ति पाशाढ्याः कश्मलं याति चैव हि ॥ ४ ॥ मूर्च्छामायाति विवशो नारकी पद्मभूसुत । यः पतिं वञ्चयित्वा तु दारादीनुपभुज्यति ॥ ५ ॥ अन्धतामिस्रनरके पात्यते यमकिङ्करैः । पात्यमानो यत्र जन्तुर्वेदनापरवान्भवेत् ॥ ६ ॥ नष्टदृष्टिर्नष्टमतिर्भवत्येवाविलम्बतः । वनस्पतिर्भज्यमानमूलो यद्वद्‍भवेदिह ॥ ७ ॥ तस्मादप्यन्धतामिस्रनाम्ना प्रोक्तः पुरातनैः । एतन्ममाहमिति यो भूतद्रोहेण केवलम् ॥ ८ ॥ पुष्णाति प्रत्यहं स्वीयं कुटुम्बं कार्यलम्पटः । एतद्विहाय चात्रैव स्वाशुभेन पतेदिह ॥ ९ ॥ रौरवे नाम नरके सर्वसत्त्वभयावहे । इह लोकेऽमुना ये तु हिंसिता जन्तवः पुरा ॥ १० ॥ त एव रुरवो भूत्वा परत्र पीडयन्ति तम् । तस्माद्‌रौरवमित्याहुः पुराणज्ञा मनीषिणः ॥ ११ ॥ रुरुः सर्पादतिक्रूरो जन्तुरुक्तः पुरातनैः । एवं महारौरवाख्यो नरको यत्र पूरुषः ॥ १२ ॥ यातनां प्राप्यमाणो हि यः परं देहसम्भवः । क्रव्यादा नाम रुरवस्तं क्रव्ये घातयन्ति च ॥ १३ ॥ य उग्रः पुरुषः क्रूरः पशुपक्षिगणानपि । उपरन्धयते मूढो याम्यास्तं रन्धयन्ति च ॥ १४ ॥ कुम्भीपाके तप्ततैले उपर्यपि च नारद । यावन्ति पशुरोमाणि तावद्वर्षसहस्रकम् ॥ १५ ॥ पितृविप्रब्राह्मणध्रुक्कालसूत्रे स नारके । अग्न्यर्काभ्यां तप्यमाने नारकी विनिवेशितः ॥ १६ ॥ क्षुत्पिपासादह्यमानोऽन्तःशरीरस्तथा बहिः । आस्ते शेते चेष्टते चावतिष्ठति च धावति ॥ १७ ॥ निजवेदपथाद्यो वै पाखण्डं चोपयाति च । अनापद्यपि देवर्षे तं पापं पुरुषं भटाः ॥ १८ ॥ असिपत्रवनं नाम नरकं वेशयन्ति च । कशया प्रहरन्त्येव नारकी तद्‍गतस्तदा ॥ १९ ॥ इतस्ततो धावमान उत्तालमतिवेगतः । असिपत्रैश्छिद्यमान उभयत्र च धारभिः ॥ २० ॥ संछिद्यमानसर्वाङ्गो हाहतोऽस्मीति मूर्च्छितः । वेदनां परमां प्राप्तः पतत्येव पदे पदे ॥ २१ ॥ स्वधर्मानुगतं भुङ्क्ते पाखण्डफलमल्पधीः । यो राजा राजपुरुषो दण्डयेद्वै त्वधर्मतः ॥ २२ ॥ द्विजे शरीरदण्डं च पापीयान्नारकी च सः । नरके सूकरमुखे पात्यते यमकिङ्करैः ॥ २३ ॥ विनिष्यिष्टावयवको बलवद्‌भिस्तथेक्षुवत् । आर्तस्वरेण स्वनयन्मूर्च्छितः कश्मलङ्गतः ॥ २४ ॥ स पीड्यमानो बहुधा वेदनां यात्यतीव हि । विविक्तपरपीडो योऽप्यविविक्तपरव्यथाम् ॥ २५ ॥ ईश्वराङ्‌कितवृत्तीनां व्यथामाचरते स्वयम् । स चान्धकूपे पतति तदभिद्रोहयन्त्रिते ॥ २६ ॥ तत्रासौ जन्तुभिः क्रूरैः पशुभिर्मृगपक्षिभिः । सरीसृपैश्च मशकैर्यूकामत्कुणजातिभिः ॥ २७ ॥ मक्षिकाभिश्च तमसि दन्दशूकैश्च पीड्यते । परिक्रामति चैवात्र कुशरीरे च जन्तुवत् ॥ २८ ॥ यस्तु संविहितैः पञ्चयज्ञैः काकैश्च संस्तुतः । अश्नाति चासंविभज्य यत्किंञ्चिदुपपद्यते ॥ २९ ॥ स पापपुरुषः क्रूरैर्याम्यैश्च कृमिभोजने । नरकाधमके दुष्टकर्मणा परिपात्यते ॥ ३० ॥ लक्षयोजनविस्तीर्णे कृमिकुण्डे भयङ्करे । कृमिरूपं समासाद्य भक्ष्यमाणश्च तैः स्वयम् ॥ ३१ ॥ अप्रत्ताप्रहुतादो यः पातमाप्नोति तत्र वै । यस्तु स्तेयेन च बलाद्धिरण्यं रत्‍नमेव च ॥ ३२ ॥ ब्राह्मणस्यापहरति अन्यस्यापि च कस्यचित् । अनापदि च देवर्षे तममुत्र यमानुगाः ॥ ३३ ॥ अयस्मयैरग्निपिण्डैः सदृशैर्नित्कुषन्ति च । योऽगम्यां योषितं गच्छेदगम्यं पुरुषं च या ॥ ३४ ॥ तावमुत्रापि कशया ताडयन्तो यमानुगाः । तिग्मया लोहमय्या च सूर्म्याप्यालिङ्गयन्ति तम् ॥ ३५ ॥ तां चापि योषितं सूर्म्यालिङ्गयन्ति यमानुगाः । यस्तु सर्वाभिगमनः पुरुषः पापसञ्चयी ॥ ३६ ॥ निरयेऽमुत्र तं याम्याः शाल्मलीं रोपयन्ति तम् । वज्रकण्टकसंयुक्तां शाल्मलीं तामयस्मयीम् ॥ ३७ ॥ राजन्या राजपुरुषा ये वा पाखण्डवर्तिनः । धर्मसेतुं विभिन्दन्ति ते परेत्य गता नराः ॥ ३८ ॥ वैतरण्यां पतन्त्येव भिन्नमर्यादपातकाः । नद्यां निरयदुर्गस्य परिखायां च नारद ॥ ३९ ॥ यादोगणैः समन्तात्तु भक्ष्यमाणा इतस्ततः । नात्मना वियुजन्त्येव नासुभिश्चापि नारद ॥ ४० ॥ स्वीयेन कर्मपाकेनोपतपन्ति च सर्वतः । विण्मूत्रपूयरक्तैश्च केशास्थिनखमांसकैः ॥ ४१ ॥ मेदोवसासंयुतायां नद्यामुपपतन्ति ते । वृषलीपतयो ये च नष्टशौचा गतत्रपाः ॥ ४२ ॥ आचारनियमैस्त्यक्ताः पशुचर्यापरायणाः । तेऽत्रानुकष्टगतयो विण्मूत्रश्लेष्मरक्तकैः ॥ ४३ ॥ श्लेष्ममलसमापूर्णे निपतन्ति दुराग्रहाः । तदेव खादयन्त्येतान्यमानुचरवर्गकाः ॥ ४४ ॥ ये श्वानगर्दभादीनां पतयो वै द्विजातयः । मृगयारसिका नित्यमतीर्थे मृगघातकाः ॥ ४५ ॥ परेतांस्तान्यमभटा लक्षीभूतान्नराधमान् । इषुभिश्च विभिन्दन्ति तांस्तान्दुर्नयमागतान् ॥ ४६ ॥ ये दम्भा दम्भयज्ञेषु पशून्घ्नन्ति नराधमाः । तानमुष्मिन्यमभटा नरके वैशसे तदा ॥ ४७ ॥ निपात्य पीडयन्त्येव कशाघातैर्दुरासदैः । यो भार्यां च सवर्णां वै द्विजो मदनमोहितः ॥ ४८ ॥ रेतः पाययति मूढोऽमुत्र तं यमकिङ्कराः । रेतःकुण्डे पातयन्ति रेतः सम्पाययन्ति च ॥ ४९ ॥ ये दस्यवोऽग्निदाश्चैव गरदा सार्थघातकाः । ग्रामान्सार्थान्विलुम्पन्ति राजानो राजपूरुषाः ॥ ५० ॥ तान्परेतान्यमभटा नयन्ति श्वानकादनम् । विंशत्यथिकसंख्याताः सारमेया महाद्‍भुताः ॥ ५१ ॥ सप्तशत्या समाख्याता रभसं खादयन्ति ते । सारमेयादनं नाम नरकं दारुणं मुने । अतः परं प्रवक्ष्यामि अवीचिप्रभुखान्मुने ॥ ५२ ॥ इति श्रीमद्देवीभागवते महापुराणेऽष्टादशसाहस्र्यां संहितायामष्टमस्कन्धे नरकप्रदपातकवर्णनं नाम द्वाविंशोऽध्यायः ॥ २२ ॥

nārada uvāca karmabhedāḥ katividhāḥ sanātanamune mama | śrotavyāḥ sarvathaivaite yātanāprāptibhūmayaḥ || 1 || śrīnārāyaṇa uvāca yo vai parasya vittāni dārāpatyāni caiva hi | harate sa hi duṣṭātmā yamānucaragocaraḥ || 2 || kālapāśena sambaddho yāmyairatibhayānakaiḥ | tāmisranāmanarake pātyate yātanāspade || 3 || tāḍanaṃ daṇḍanaṃ caiva santarjanamataḥ param | yāmyāḥ kurvanti pāśāḍhyāḥ kaśmalaṃ yāti caiva hi || 4 || mūrcchāmāyāti vivaśo nārakī padmabhūsuta | yaḥ patiṃ vañcayitvā tu dārādīnupabhujyati || 5 || andhatāmisranarake pātyate yamakiṅkaraiḥ | pātyamāno yatra janturvedanāparavānbhavet || 6 || naṣṭadṛṣṭirnaṣṭamatirbhavatyevāvilambataḥ | vanaspatirbhajyamānamūlo yadvad‍bhavediha || 7 || tasmādapyandhatāmisranāmnā proktaḥ purātanaiḥ | etanmamāhamiti yo bhūtadroheṇa kevalam || 8 || puṣṇāti pratyahaṃ svīyaṃ kuṭumbaṃ kāryalampaṭaḥ | etadvihāya cātraiva svāśubhena patediha || 9 || raurave nāma narake sarvasattvabhayāvahe | iha loke'munā ye tu hiṃsitā jantavaḥ purā || 10 || ta eva ruravo bhūtvā paratra pīḍayanti tam | tasmād‌rauravamityāhuḥ purāṇajñā manīṣiṇaḥ || 11 || ruruḥ sarpādatikrūro janturuktaḥ purātanaiḥ | evaṃ mahārauravākhyo narako yatra pūruṣaḥ || 12 || yātanāṃ prāpyamāṇo hi yaḥ paraṃ dehasambhavaḥ | kravyādā nāma ruravastaṃ kravye ghātayanti ca || 13 || ya ugraḥ puruṣaḥ krūraḥ paśupakṣigaṇānapi | uparandhayate mūḍho yāmyāstaṃ randhayanti ca || 14 || kumbhīpāke taptataile uparyapi ca nārada | yāvanti paśuromāṇi tāvadvarṣasahasrakam || 15 || pitṛviprabrāhmaṇadhrukkālasūtre sa nārake | agnyarkābhyāṃ tapyamāne nārakī viniveśitaḥ || 16 || kṣutpipāsādahyamāno'ntaḥśarīrastathā bahiḥ | āste śete ceṣṭate cāvatiṣṭhati ca dhāvati || 17 || nijavedapathādyo vai pākhaṇḍaṃ copayāti ca | anāpadyapi devarṣe taṃ pāpaṃ puruṣaṃ bhaṭāḥ || 18 || asipatravanaṃ nāma narakaṃ veśayanti ca | kaśayā praharantyeva nārakī tad‍gatastadā || 19 || itastato dhāvamāna uttālamativegataḥ | asipatraiśchidyamāna ubhayatra ca dhārabhiḥ || 20 || saṃchidyamānasarvāṅgo hāhato'smīti mūrcchitaḥ | vedanāṃ paramāṃ prāptaḥ patatyeva pade pade || 21 || svadharmānugataṃ bhuṅkte pākhaṇḍaphalamalpadhīḥ | yo rājā rājapuruṣo daṇḍayedvai tvadharmataḥ || 22 || dvije śarīradaṇḍaṃ ca pāpīyānnārakī ca saḥ | narake sūkaramukhe pātyate yamakiṅkaraiḥ || 23 || viniṣyiṣṭāvayavako balavad‌bhistathekṣuvat | ārtasvareṇa svanayanmūrcchitaḥ kaśmalaṅgataḥ || 24 || sa pīḍyamāno bahudhā vedanāṃ yātyatīva hi | viviktaparapīḍo yo'pyaviviktaparavyathām || 25 || īśvarāṅ‌kitavṛttīnāṃ vyathāmācarate svayam | sa cāndhakūpe patati tadabhidrohayantrite || 26 || tatrāsau jantubhiḥ krūraiḥ paśubhirmṛgapakṣibhiḥ | sarīsṛpaiśca maśakairyūkāmatkuṇajātibhiḥ || 27 || makṣikābhiśca tamasi dandaśūkaiśca pīḍyate | parikrāmati caivātra kuśarīre ca jantuvat || 28 || yastu saṃvihitaiḥ pañcayajñaiḥ kākaiśca saṃstutaḥ | aśnāti cāsaṃvibhajya yatkiṃñcidupapadyate || 29 || sa pāpapuruṣaḥ krūrairyāmyaiśca kṛmibhojane | narakādhamake duṣṭakarmaṇā paripātyate || 30 || lakṣayojanavistīrṇe kṛmikuṇḍe bhayaṅkare | kṛmirūpaṃ samāsādya bhakṣyamāṇaśca taiḥ svayam || 31 || aprattāprahutādo yaḥ pātamāpnoti tatra vai | yastu steyena ca balāddhiraṇyaṃ rat‍nameva ca || 32 || brāhmaṇasyāpaharati anyasyāpi ca kasyacit | anāpadi ca devarṣe tamamutra yamānugāḥ || 33 || ayasmayairagnipiṇḍaiḥ sadṛśairnitkuṣanti ca | yo'gamyāṃ yoṣitaṃ gacchedagamyaṃ puruṣaṃ ca yā || 34 || tāvamutrāpi kaśayā tāḍayanto yamānugāḥ | tigmayā lohamayyā ca sūrmyāpyāliṅgayanti tam || 35 || tāṃ cāpi yoṣitaṃ sūrmyāliṅgayanti yamānugāḥ | yastu sarvābhigamanaḥ puruṣaḥ pāpasañcayī || 36 || niraye'mutra taṃ yāmyāḥ śālmalīṃ ropayanti tam | vajrakaṇṭakasaṃyuktāṃ śālmalīṃ tāmayasmayīm || 37 || rājanyā rājapuruṣā ye vā pākhaṇḍavartinaḥ | dharmasetuṃ vibhindanti te paretya gatā narāḥ || 38 || vaitaraṇyāṃ patantyeva bhinnamaryādapātakāḥ | nadyāṃ nirayadurgasya parikhāyāṃ ca nārada || 39 || yādogaṇaiḥ samantāttu bhakṣyamāṇā itastataḥ | nātmanā viyujantyeva nāsubhiścāpi nārada || 40 || svīyena karmapākenopatapanti ca sarvataḥ | viṇmūtrapūyaraktaiśca keśāsthinakhamāṃsakaiḥ || 41 || medovasāsaṃyutāyāṃ nadyāmupapatanti te | vṛṣalīpatayo ye ca naṣṭaśaucā gatatrapāḥ || 42 || ācāraniyamaistyaktāḥ paśucaryāparāyaṇāḥ | te'trānukaṣṭagatayo viṇmūtraśleṣmaraktakaiḥ || 43 || śleṣmamalasamāpūrṇe nipatanti durāgrahāḥ | tadeva khādayantyetānyamānucaravargakāḥ || 44 || ye śvānagardabhādīnāṃ patayo vai dvijātayaḥ | mṛgayārasikā nityamatīrthe mṛgaghātakāḥ || 45 || paretāṃstānyamabhaṭā lakṣībhūtānnarādhamān | iṣubhiśca vibhindanti tāṃstāndurnayamāgatān || 46 || ye dambhā dambhayajñeṣu paśūnghnanti narādhamāḥ | tānamuṣminyamabhaṭā narake vaiśase tadā || 47 || nipātya pīḍayantyeva kaśāghātairdurāsadaiḥ | yo bhāryāṃ ca savarṇāṃ vai dvijo madanamohitaḥ || 48 || retaḥ pāyayati mūḍho'mutra taṃ yamakiṅkarāḥ | retaḥkuṇḍe pātayanti retaḥ sampāyayanti ca || 49 || ye dasyavo'gnidāścaiva garadā sārthaghātakāḥ | grāmānsārthānvilumpanti rājāno rājapūruṣāḥ || 50 || tānparetānyamabhaṭā nayanti śvānakādanam | viṃśatyathikasaṃkhyātāḥ sārameyā mahād‍bhutāḥ || 51 || saptaśatyā samākhyātā rabhasaṃ khādayanti te | sārameyādanaṃ nāma narakaṃ dāruṇaṃ mune | ataḥ paraṃ pravakṣyāmi avīciprabhukhānmune || 52 || iti śrīmaddevībhāgavate mahāpurāṇe'ṣṭādaśasāhasryāṃ saṃhitāyāmaṣṭamaskandhe narakapradapātakavarṇanaṃ nāma dvāviṃśo'dhyāyaḥ || 22 ||

English translation

1. Narada said “O Everlasting One! O Muni! Now describe the various actions that lead to these tormenting hells. I like to hear about them in detail.”

2-52. Narayana said O Devarsi! He who steals other’s sons, wives, and riches, the wicked fellow is taken to Yama by His messengers. Tied down hard and fast by the terrible messengers of Yama, by the Kala rope (rope of time), he is taken to the Tamisra hell, the place of many torments. There the Yama’s attendants punish him, beat him and threaten him; and he becomes stupefied, and feels himself very weak, distressed and ultimately faints. He who deceives another’s husband and enjoys his wives; the Yama’s servants drag him down to Andha Tamisra hell. There he suffers any amount of pain and suffering. He loses instantly his eyesight and his brain gets upset. His state resembles that of a tree when its trunk is broken. For this reason the ancient sages called this Andha Tamisra. He who being subject to “My” and “Mine” quarrels with others and being very much attached, maintains his family, leaves his families here and goes with his bad tendencies to the Raurava hell, very horrible to all. The animals whom he injured and killed before in this world, assume the form of Ruru animal and torment him in the next. For this reason, the intelligent knowers of Purana, call this Raurava. The ancients say, that Ruru is more cruel and ferocious than snakes. These animals live in that hell; hence it is termed Maharaurava. He who torments others, goes to this hell and these Rurus, the flesh- eaters, spring on his body and bite and eat his flesh. He who cooks other animals and birds, that cruel and ferocious, thus deluded, is cooked in return on the hot oil in the Kumbhipaka hell by the Yama Dutas for thousand years. He who quarrels with his Piths and the Brahmanas, is taken by the Yama Dutas to the Kalasutra hell and

there be burnt by the fire and Sun. There that hellish person, being troubled very nnuch, inside and outside by hunger and thirst, sometimes sits, sometimes sleeps, sometimes walks, and sometimes runs hither and thither. O Devarsi! He who transgresses the path of the Vedas in times other than those of calamity and danger and follows other paths even to a trifling distance, that sinner is taken by Yamadutas to Asipatra Kanana and there whipped severely. Not being able to bear that, he runs wildly to and fro and is pierced by the sharpedged Asi leaves on both his sides. His whole body being cut asunder, he cries “Oh! I am killed!”and faints away. Then feeling himself pained very much, he tumbles down at every step. Thus the sinner suffers for violating the path of the Vedas. The King or that royal personage who gives orders of punishment, not approved by Dharma, and hurts or punishes the body of a Brahmana, the Yama’s servants throw him down into the S’ukaramukha Hell and grind down his body with great force as a sugarcane is ground down. He then cries aloud bitterly, he gets fainted and becomes stupefied. He is crushed by them and suffers all sorts of pains and miseries. Again he who knows the feelings of others when they are tormented, pains those insects who live on other’s blood as bugs, etc., and who does not realise other’s pains, goes, as a punishment for that fault to the Andhakupa Hell. There he is pained by the beasts, birds, deers, reptiles, mosquitoes, bugs, louses, flies and Dandas’ukas and various other cruel animals.

There he lives in his ugly body and roams like a beast. The man who, getting even a trifling wealth and food-stuff, does not perform the five Maha Yajhas and gives not a share of that to the Devas and feeds his own belly with that like a crow, is taken by the ferocious Yamadutas to the worst Krimibhojana Naraka for his sinful deeds. This hell is one lakh Yoyanas wide and is the reservoir of worms. It causes terror to the inhabitants of the hell. That sinner assumes the form of an insect and is eaten up on return by the insects and thus passes his time there. When a man does not give any share to the Atithis or the guests and does not offer oblations to the Fire and eats his food, he, too, goes to the above hell. When a man in times other than that of great danger and distress, follows the livelihood of a thief

and robs gold and jewels forcibly of a Brahmin or any other person, he is taken to this hell and the Yama’s servants pierce and cut off his skin by a fiery hot iron cutter.

When a man goes for an illicit cohabitation to one who is not fit to be approached and when a woman goes similarly to an unapproachable man, both of them are taken, being whipped, to this hell by the servants of Yama! Where the man is obliged to embrace a fiery hot iron figure of woman and vice versa. When a man goes to all sorts of wombs for unnatural crimes, he is taken to Vajra Kantaka Naraka and placed on the top of an iron S’almalT wood. When a King or any royal personage, subject to the Pasanda Dharma (i.e., the unrighteous path) breaks the boundary of a law, he for that sin goes to Vaitarani, the ditch round that hell. There the aquatic animals eat his body all around. O Narada! Yet neither his life nor his body parts with him. He is thrown, for his Karma, into the rivers filled with faeces, urine, puss, blood, hairs, bones, nails, flesh, marrow, fat, etc., and he becomes very much troubled.

Those who are the husbands of Vrisalis (girls under twelve years of age, who have attained menstruation; or the barren women), void of any S’aucha (cleanliness) or shame and without any Achara Vyavahara (the following of one’s natural customs and rites) and those who follow Pas’vachara (like beasts), they meet with a very hard fate and are thrown into this hell filled with faeces, urine, cough, blood and other impurities and when they feel hungry, are forced to eat the above things. When those persons that are twice born, maintain dogs and asses, etc., and when they are addicted to hunting, and kill daily, for nothing, beasts, birds and deer, those evildoers are specially watched by the servants of Yama and when they retire, they tear them asunder by shooting bows at them.

He who kills animals, engaged vainly in a sacrifice and addicted to haughty tempers and habits, is thrown into this hell by the Yama’s servants and whipped very severely. The twice-born that copulates blindly with a savarna wife, is taken by the Yama’s messengers into the hell filled with semen and he is made to drink that. Those who

are addicted to robbery, who put fire to other’s houses, who make others drink poison, those that are treacherous, and who destroy the interest of the villagers and other persons, those kings or the royal personages are taken after their death by the Yamadutas to the Sarameyadana hell. There seven hundred and twenty dogs, very wonderful to behold, come furiously and with great force and energy, over them and feed on them. O Narada! This hell is denominated as Sarameyadana Naraka and it is very horrible. Now I will describe to you the other hells Avichi and others.

Here ends the Twenty-second Chapter of the Eighth Book on the narrative of the sins leading to hells in the Maha Puranam S’ri Mad Devi Bhagavatam, of 18,000 verses, by Maharsi Veda Vyasa.

Complete chapter-aligned witnesses. Sanskrit Wikisource page 23824, revision 73364 (2016-07-03T02:42:07Z). English is Swami Vijñanananda’s complete 1921–23 public-domain translation, controlled against the archival OCR and its chapter page at https://sacred-texts.com/hin/db/bk08ch22.htm. Historic spelling and transliteration are lightly normalized; no verse-by-verse alignment is asserted.