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विलाप-कुसुमाञ्जलि

Raghunātha Dāsa’s Lament-Flowers

A handful of lament-flowers offered at Rādhā’s feet, the locus classicus of mañjarī-bhāva

16th c. Sanskrit · Raghunātha Dāsa Goswāmī · ~100 verses

Raghunātha Dāsa Goswāmī was one of the six Goswāmīs of Vrindavan. He left a wealthy father in Bengal as a young man, walked to Vraja, and spent the rest of his long life on the bank of Rādhā Kuṇḍa, the small pond on the south side of Govardhana. He ate only buttermilk on the days he ate. He slept under a tree. He wrote a few small books. The Vilāpa-Kusumāñjali, about a hundred Sanskrit verses, is the most intimate of them.

The poem is addressed to Rādhā as her youngest mañjarī handmaid. Raghunātha writes in the voice of Tulasī Mañjarī, the inner identity given to him by his guru. The verses do not ask for union with Krishna. They do not ask for renown. They do not even ask to be loved by the mistress. They ask only to be allowed to arrange her meetings with him and then to step aside. They ask to be allowed to die at her feet, and not to be born again into any other life. The title is the offering: a handful of lament-flowers laid down at her feet by the youngest of the company.

षट्

Vilāpa-Kusumāñjali· विलाप-कुसुमाञ्जलि

Who I Am, What I Am Bringing

Opening, around verses 1 to 4

The poem begins. Raghunātha is sitting on the bank of Rādhā Kuṇḍa, the small pond in Vraja by which he has chosen to spend the rest of his life. He has eaten nothing today, or only a little buttermilk. The afternoon light is on the water. He picks up the writing-leaf and addresses her.

Mistress, I have come to your feet with nothing in my hands. I have no fragrant garlands of jasmine. I have no bowl of curd cooled in the river. I have no ornament I have polished myself. The pilgrims who pass through Vraja bring you sweet rice and silk. I have neither. I am a thin man at the edge of a pond, and the pond is your pond, and what I have to give you is what is left when a person has decided not to want anything else.

What I have are these flowers of lament. They are small. They are not beautiful in the way the flowers in your kunja are beautiful. Some of them are bruised because they have been carried in a torn cloth. They are the only things that have grown on the soil of my hours when I sit by your water and remember that I am not yet what I want to be. I have gathered them. I have tied them with a thread that is also weeping. I lay them at your feet.

I am Tulasī. That is the name your sakhī gave me when she took me into her shelter. Some people call me Raghunātha. That is the name of the boy who left his father's house in Bengal and walked here. Tulasī is the name of the woman my soul is. I am writing in the voice of Tulasī because the voice of Raghunātha cannot reach you. The voice of Raghunātha is too loud. It is full of his learning and his renunciation and the years he spent in pain before he arrived. The voice of Tulasī is small. It is the voice your sakhī uses when she calls a younger sister in to braid her hair. That is the voice in which I am asking you to hear me.

If you bend down and lift one of these flowers between two fingers and look at it for one breath, the writing of this book is finished. I will have no other achievement in this life. I do not need any other.

The opening sets the whole posture of the poem. He is not approaching as a poet seeking an audience. He is not approaching as an ascetic offering merit. He is approaching as the youngest sister-handmaid who has nothing to bring except the small unornamented record of her hours of longing. The lament-flowers are the offering. The mistress is asked simply to notice them.

Vilāpa-Kusumāñjali· विलाप-कुसुमाञ्जलि

I Want Nothing for Myself

Around verses 16 to 22

He turns inward. He examines what he is asking for, layer by layer, and removes each desire as he finds it. The verses move like a person taking off ornaments before lying down to sleep.

Listen. I do not want what other people want. I do not want a cottage in Vaikuṇṭha with a courtyard of my own. I do not want the four kinds of liberation that the texts list and praise. The dissolution of my self into the absolute does not interest me. The companionship of Nārāyaṇa on his serpent-bed does not interest me. The pure undifferentiated bliss the renunciants describe with shining eyes does not interest me. I have walked past all of these on the road that brought me here.

I do not want to be your beloved's beloved either. I see how the gopīs love him and I know that he loves them in return, each in her own measure. I do not want my measure of him. I do not want him to look at me with the glance he gives them. If he looked at me that way I would not know what to do with the look. I would only want to bring it back to you and lay it on the cushion at your side, because the look belongs there.

What I want is small. I want to be the one who is allowed to stand a little behind you when you are dressing for him. I want to be the one whose hands you ask for the comb when your own hands are busy with the mirror. I want to be the one who is in the kunja before you arrive, smoothing the bedding, and then out of the kunja before he arrives, so the two of you find the place ready and find no one in it. I want to be the one whose breathing in the next garden is so quiet that neither of you ever notices, but who is there, who is the form that the kunja itself is taking.

If you grant this I have no other prayer. If you do not grant this I have no other prayer either, because there is nothing else to ask for. I will keep asking until the asking ends in the granting, or until the asking ends in the asker. Either ending is the same to me.

This is the prayer at the centre of the mañjarī's whole orientation. The verses do not lament an unfulfilled longing for Krishna. They renounce that longing. The mañjarī does not want him. She does not even want to be loved by her mistress. She wants only to serve, and even the service is so small that the mistress need not notice it. This is the inversion the poem performs on the entire vocabulary of devotional desire.

Vilāpa-Kusumāñjali· विलाप-कुसुमाञ्जलि

The Arrangement of the Meeting

Around verses 36 to 44

He imagines the work the mañjarī actually does. The verses turn from prayer to picture. The reader is shown the small choreography of an evening when Rādhā is preparing to go to her tryst.

It is late afternoon. The light has begun to slant. The cows are coming home along the lane and their bells are far. In the inner room of Yāvaṭa, your sakhī is unbinding your hair. I am sitting on the floor by your foot with the small box of kohl. I do not speak. You do not speak. The whole house has fallen into the quiet that comes before something important.

Your sakhī finishes your hair. She puts the comb down. I stand up with the kohl and you turn your face toward me and I touch the soft skin under your eye with the thin stick. My hand does not shake. I have practised this so that my hand will not shake when the moment comes. I look at the eye I am painting and I see, in the eye, the kunja you are about to walk to, and the dark boy waiting at its centre, and the place on the bedding where my hands have already smoothed the cloth. The eye knows what the eye is going to.

You stand. The cloth falls into place around you. Your sakhī arranges the necklace. I tie the small bell on the inside of your ankle. The bell is for the moment of the meeting, when the bell will sing once and stop. You walk to the door. I walk three steps behind you, holding the lamp, and I follow you down the path until the place where the path turns into the kunja, and there I stop. You do not look back. You do not need to. You know I am stopping. I know you know.

I sit down on a stone at the edge of the path. I extinguish the lamp because the moon has come up and the kunja does not need the lamp. I listen. I hear, after a while, the bell sing once. Then I hear nothing. I sit on the stone and the kunja is silent and the river is silent and the night is doing what it has come for. I am not in the kunja. I am here, on the stone. And here, on the stone, is where my joy is. My joy is that the bell sang once. My joy is that the kunja is silent. My joy is your joy, which I am not in. I am the form your joy takes when it has overflowed and become the night around the kunja.

The mañjarī is not a passive servant. She has a craft. She knows how to braid hair, how to apply kohl, how to walk three steps behind, how to stop at the place where the path turns. The whole verse-cluster is a manual of refined attention. Her happiness is the indirect happiness of having arranged well a meeting she does not enter. The poem teaches the reader to recognise this kind of joy as a real joy and to honour it as the highest.

Vilāpa-Kusumāñjali· विलाप-कुसुमाञ्जलि

The Pond Where I Live

Around verses 60 to 70

He turns his face outward, toward the place where his body actually is. Rādhā Kuṇḍa, the small pond on the south side of Govardhana, is the geography of his asceticism. The verses describe it the way a mañjarī would describe it, not the way a pilgrim would describe it.

Your pond is small. You could walk around it in the time it takes a deer to drink. The water is the colour of dark honey because the earth at the bottom is the earth of Vraja, which is the colour of your skin in the third hour of an afternoon when the sun has been on it for a long time. The trees around the pond are kadamba and tamāla. They lean toward the water as if the water were what they were listening to.

I sit on a flat stone on the eastern bank. I have sat here for so many days that the stone has begun to take the shape of the place where I sit. The pilgrims who come do not see me, because I am thin and the colour of the bank, and they are not looking for a person of my size. They walk around the pond reciting your names. I listen to them. They go on. The pond returns to its quiet.

Sometimes, in the second watch of the night, the wind moves the surface of the water in a way that is not the way the wind usually moves water. I have learned that this is the moment when you and your beloved are walking along the western bank, on the path that runs under the kadambas. I do not stand up. I do not turn my head. To turn my head would be to want to see, and I do not want to see. I stay on the stone. I lower my eyes. The wind passes. The water becomes still again. I know what has just happened. The pond has been the witness, not me, and that is correct, because the pond is your pond and I am only its tenant.

If I am to die, let me die on this stone. Let the body fall into the water of the pond and let the water of the pond do with the body whatever it does. Let no one find the body. Let no one build a memorial. Let the kadambas drop their flowers on the place where the body went in, and let the wind move the surface again the next night and the night after, and let me be a little of the silt at the bottom of your pond forever. I want no other monument. I want no other grave.

Raghunātha's outer life is held inside this passage. The body is at Rādhā Kuṇḍa. The body eats almost nothing. The body sits on the stone. The asceticism is not described as suffering. It is described as a way of becoming the silt at the bottom of her pond. The geography of his austerity is also the geography of his prayer. The two are the same place.

Vilāpa-Kusumāñjali· विलाप-कुसुमाञ्जलि

Do Not Let Me Become Anything Else

Around verses 78 to 86

He notices, with terror, that he could lose this. The mañjarī's identity is held inside the mistress's grace. Outside that grace it has no purchase. The verses become a plea against being moved.

I am afraid. I am afraid because I know what the world does. The world wants to make me something other than this. The world looks at a man who sits by a pond and does not eat and writes small poems, and the world wants to call him a saint. The world wants to put a garland on him. The world wants to print his name in a book. The world wants to make him a teacher of others, and a recipient of donations, and an answerer of questions in the evenings.

I am not asking for any of that. I am asking the opposite of that. I am asking you to keep me a girl in your retinue who has no name in any book of saints. I am asking you to keep me invisible to the men who would put a garland on me. I am asking you to keep me from becoming a teacher, because as soon as I become a teacher I will begin to enjoy being a teacher, and the enjoyment will be the small worm at the centre of every offering I bring you afterward.

Do not let the rasa I am tasting now become a rasa I describe to other people in clever metaphors. Do not let the little phrases I have written down here become quotations that other people memorise to flatter other people with. Do not let me become a household word in any household. Let the verses, when I am gone, scatter. Let some be lost. Let some be misattributed. Let the parts of them that are useful pass into the speech of women drawing water at your kuṇḍa, who do not know they are quoting me.

And when I myself begin, in some half-conscious moment, to be pleased with my own austerity, place your foot on my chest. Place your foot on it gently, the way you would step on a small flower that had fallen on the path you were walking. The flower is honoured by the foot. The pride is crushed by the foot. Both are done in the same gesture. That is the gesture I am asking for. That is the only correction I will accept.

The fear in this passage is the most honest thing in the poem. He knows the route by which a sincere devotee becomes a celebrated devotee, and he knows that the route is short. The plea is to be kept off the route. The mañjarī does not want her own canonisation. The very fact that the Vilāpa-Kusumāñjali is now read by everyone who studies Gauḍīya rāgānuga sādhana is a small irony the poem itself anticipates and weeps over.

Vilāpa-Kusumāñjali· विलाप-कुसुमाञ्जलि

Let Me Die at Your Feet

Around verses 96 to 102, the closing

The poem ends. The lament-flowers have all been laid. The handful is empty. The mañjarī kneels. The voice grows quiet, and from the quiet rises the last and only request.

Mistress. I have written what I had to write. The hand is tired. The leaf is full. There are no more flowers in the cloth. I lay the cloth down at your feet, with the thread that tied it, and the thorn from my own finger that fell into the cloth as I gathered them, and I kneel.

The only thing I want is this. When the hour of my dying comes, let it come here. Let me not be moved to a hospice. Let me not be wrapped in the shawls of well-meaning disciples and carried away on a bed. Let the hour find me on the stone by the pond, and let the eyes close where the eyes have been opening every morning for these many years, on the same water, on the same bank.

And in the last breath, let your face be the face the mind is on. Not the boy's face. Not even both your faces. Only your face. Let the breath go out toward the sole of your foot. Let it become a small wind that moves the dust on the ground at your foot, and let the dust settle again, and let the matter be finished.

Let me not be born again into another life. I do not want another body in this world or in any of the worlds the texts list. I do not want a body in your eternal Vṛndāvana either, if that body is not the body of the youngest of your handmaids. If you have such a body for me there, give it to me. If you do not have one, do not give me anything else. Let me be nothing. Nothing at your feet is more than everything anywhere else. I have looked. I have walked the routes. There is nothing better than this. Let me end here.

The closing is the whole poem in miniature. There is no celestial reward asked for. There is no reunion with a separated lover described. There is only the wish to end at her feet and not to be pulled away into another existence. The Vilāpa-Kusumāñjali finishes by withdrawing, with great gentleness, from the entire economy of spiritual ambition. What it leaves on the page is not a doctrine. It is a kneeling figure, and a small empty cloth, and a pond.

Six passages from a poem of about a hundred verses. The poem itself, in its complete Sanskrit, sits behind these renderings and continues to speak to anyone who is willing to learn its grammar and sit with it. The renderings here are doors. The pond is still there. The stone is still there. The kadambas still drop their flowers on the water in the second watch of the night.

श्री-राधा-चरणारविन्दे

śrī-rādhā-caraṇāravinde · at the lotus feet of Śrī Rādhā